Hbv transmission11/1/2023 Developing a hepatitis C vaccine is challenging because of the genetic diversity of hepatitis C circulating in the population, necessitating broadly reactive vaccine technology. These circumstances underscore the importance of increasing access to and convenience of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the need for a preventive vaccine. Despite DAA availability for more than a decade, only one in three people in the United States diagnosed with hepatitis C receive curative treatment. In 2011, direct-acting antivirals (DAA) revolutionized hepatitis C therapy and have since been observed to cure 95% of cases. DMID recently announced an initiative to develop new antiviral drugs that can eliminate hepatitis B genetic material from infected cells, and DAIDS is complementing that work with clinical studies of therapeutic agents and vaccines that will include evaluation of their safety and efficacy in people living with HIV. NIAID is supporting research on a variety of basic, translational and therapeutic science concepts designed to cure hepatitis B, including in people with HIV. More research is need to identify novel therapeutic options and strategies to minimize the treatment burden and, ideally, identify a cure for hepatitis B. In others, chronic HBV requires lifelong treatment to suppress the virus. Some people with acute hepatitis B can naturally clear the infection. Hepatitis B continues to cause disease and death even though a highly effective preventive vaccine has been available for decades. Both NIAID’s Division of AIDS (DAIDS) and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease (DMID) support scientific programs focused on hepatitis B and C research and curative strategies, reflecting the widespread impact of viral hepatitis and the urgent need for safe and effective interventions. Scientists in the Hepatic Pathogenesis and Structural Virology sections of NIAID’s Laboratory of Infectious Diseases conduct basic and translational research to better understand hepatitis B and C disease progression, clarify the role of hepatitis viruses in liver cancer, and inform discovery of new vaccines, medicine and technologies. On this World Hepatitis Day, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, shares a snapshot of its investments in basic (laboratory), preclinical (laboratory/animal), and clinical (human) research to improve screening, prevention and treatment for hepatitis B and C. Hepatitis B and C disproportionately affect people living with HIV, and HIV increases the rate of complications and death in people with viral hepatitis. Viral hepatitis affects all ages and there are pronounced inequities in disease outcomes in the United States. Chronic and persistent inflammation from the disease can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. About half of those with viral hepatitis are unaware of their infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that in 2020 there were 14,000 and 50,300 new acute infections of hepatitis B and C in the United States, respectively, while at least 880,000 people in the country were living with chronic (long-term) hepatitis B and 2.4 million people had chronic hepatitis C. Most of the global viral hepatitis burden is from hepatitis B and C, which affect 354 million people and result in 1.1 million deaths annually. Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with any of the known hepatitis viruses-A, B, C, D, and E.
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